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THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF NORTHFIELD TOWNSHIP
By Pamela Kendall
1971
INTRODUCTION
I. THE LAND.......................................................... 1.
II. THE FIRST WHITE SETTLERS...................... 2.
III. THE EARLY TOWNS....................................... 7.
A. BRANDYWINE
B. NORTHFIELD
C. LITTLE YORK
D. MACEDONIA
IV. CHURCH AND SOCIAL LIFE........................ 10.
V. NORTHFIELD-MACEDONIA CEMETERY... 12.
This paper is an attempt to portray life and history as it happened in Northfield Township in the first hundred years. I chose to have this paper deal in the social and community type of changes, rather than the political and governmental changes, because these changes can easily be found in the city records, and also, are not as interesting, nor have as much human appeal.
I would like to acknowledge the Olde Northfield Historical Society for all the help they gave me in finding material for this paper.
Page 1
THE LAND
The land which was to become Northfield Township is part of Summit County. The whole area was originally under a State Claim of Connecticut, as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. "This claim was verified by the United States Government on March 2, 1801."1 Three million acres of this land was sold to Joseph Howland and others on September 2, 1785, six years before it was actually confirmed as the property of the Connecticut claim. By an act of the General Assembly of Ohio, Trumbull County was created on July 10, 1800. This county incorporated the area to become Northfield Township. From the northernmost towns of this county, another one was formed, Portage County. On March 3, 1840, Summit County was created, taking ten townships from Portage County, four from Medina County, and two from Stark County. The name of Summit County was chosen because this area was the highest bordering on the Ohio Canal. Also on this date, Northfield Township became part of Summit County. It was one of the more sought after townships because of its good location, and its many waterways for transportation; the Cuyahoga River is its western border, as is the Ohio Canal, and the township contains Indian and Brandywine Creeks.
The area of Northfield Township is six miles square. The name for the township was proposed by one of the early settlers after other families had moved into the area. For the selling of acreage, the land was broken up into 160 acre lots, which were usually sold whole and rarely broken up. The communities which developed within the township are Brandywine, Macedonia, Northfield Center, Northfield Village, and at that time, Little York.
__________________________________________________________________
1. C.L. Richey, Outline of History of Northfield Township (Northfield Library), p.1
Page 2
THE FIRST WHITE SETTLERS
Before any white settlers were present, the first inhabitants of Northfield Township were the Indians. They were from the Seneca, Chippewa, and Ottawa tribes. Many of their villages were along Indian Creek, because of which, the Creek received its name.
Their first communication with the white man was through the trappers and traders who came into the area for furs. These the Indians exchanged for trinkets, powder, lead, and whiskey, the latter being in the greatest demand. Coonskins tended to sell for a half pint of whiskey, buckskins, for one pint, and bearskins for four quarts. Herman Oviatt of Hudson is reported to have taken their guns, knives, and tomahawks before the exchange of whiskey because the Indians tended to get "Kok Kusi". He reported on their behavior:
They were of the Ottawa tribe and there were fifteen to
eighteen of them. They were provided with a deerskin suit,
like a little boy's, but open before, and supplied with openings for
legs and arms. When put on it was tied in the front. It was ornamented
around the arms and legs with fringes three inches in length, to which was
attached a variety of animal claws, such as those of the turkey, coon,
and bear. One would put on this suit, and jump, hop, and kick
about in a sort of Indian "highland fling", while three others
furnished the inspiration by patting and humming. The success of the
performance seemed to depend on his ability to get the greatest possible
amount of clatter out of the claws attached to his garment. When tired
he would doff the garment, take a drink of whiskey, and give his place
to another. In this way, each would try his agility, and gradually get
beastly intoxicated. 2
The first very crude shelters were kept by the trappers, so they could spend the night as they passed through the area. These progressed from shacks of bark to log huts, until there were finally log cabins built by settlers. These log cabins had no doors or windows, just covered with quilts or greased paper. Naturally, these were easily accessible by any wild animals
___________________________________________________________________
2 Perrin, History of Summit County. Quoted in "Indians Among the Early Settlers", The Times; Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (Jule 14, 1957) sec 2, p.4.
Page 3
or Indians that wished to enter. Thus, for protection, a fire was built at the front door. Later, there were floors built, and the cracks filled with anything the people could find. The typical construction of one of these cabins in 1857 was that:
Men got together on the site early in the morning, cut the logs and
raised the house. They made the log shingles or "shakes" as they
were called, put on the roof, cut a door and laid down a floor of
puncheons. These were split out of straight grained tree, hewed smooth
on one side and laid down the sleepers. (Sleepers are timbers or stone
supports laid down upon the ground). As the puncheons seasoned, they
were driven up closer together. This was a good substitute for plank or
board floors. The doors were also made of puncheons, pinned into wooded
barriers or hinges and often not a nail was used in making them.3
These cabins contained only one room, with a loft for the children and hired hands to sleep in. "Often they would find their beds covered with snow in the winter."4 The loft was accessible by a ladder or crude stairs. A hatch door kept the cold in the loft from penetrating into the cabin. This loft also served as a hiding place in time of danger, from wild animals or Indian raids.
There was no carpeting or painting on the floors. The wife kept things perfectly clean though, and the best rooms had sanded or carved figures on the floor.
All cloth and linen was spun at home, then woven for use in clothes. All the scrapes were saved, and used in making quilts and patchwork. When no scissors were available, an ax was used to cut the material.
Food and cooking were self reliant. Wooden dishes were used first, crockery (queensware) was too expensive, and most often used were pewter platters and mugs. The meal consisted of some meat or fish gotten by the man
___________________________________________________________________
3 "Early Homes Boasted no Doors or Windows" The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957), sec. 3, p5.
4 Ibid
Page 4.
of the house, cooked in the fireplace, bread made of pounded corn mixed with water and salt, and whatever vegetables were on hand from the garden or woods. To cook, a crane was suspended over the fire to hold a kettle. Later, brick ovens were installed next to the fireplaces. The house was lit by candles which were made at home. The evenings were spend plaiting straw, spinning, or reading from the Bible.
There were no undertakers for burials. What was done that a log was cut and split, the two halves hollowed out, and the body placed inside. The two halves were then put back together, and sealed with wooden pins.
The moving and settling of a new home was a difficult task. On what possessions were taken, Christial Cackler wrote: "On moving in 1816, our furnishings provided no inconvenience. My wife had a bed, I had an ax; I added to this three white cups and saucers; three knives and forks, and a wooden pail, three wooden plates and a kettle to cook in. My wife's father also gave us a table, which completes our 'set-out'. This property was valued at thirty thousand dollars in 1870."5
The periodical coming of the shoemaker, tailor, harness maker, and others was a big event. Often they would outfit the whole family in one visit, staying at the house until the job was done. This way, they progressed from one family to another.
This general background is typical of almost any settling in Ohio. Only by knowing this can one fully understand the hardships of the first settlers in Northfield Township.
Many of the early settlers in Northfield Township were of English descent. The first settler in the area was Isaac Bacon. Upon trying to discover where he lived before coming out here, I got two answers. Once source said he came
___________________________________________________________________
5 Ibid sec. 3, p.5
Page 5.
from Boston, Mass.6, the other said the family came from Genesee County, New York7. The first answer seems more likely, as evidenced by later settlers. In 1806, he purchased 100 acres of land, and in April of 1897 moved his wife and daughter out here. They built a log cabin at the present junction of Rt. 631 (Valley View Road) and Boyden Road, now part of the Eaton Estate. Because he was the first settler in the area (the nearest neighbor for over three years six to eight miles away at Tinkers Creek), and thus there was a lack of help, it took him five days to build a small, one room cabin with chink walls, a fireplace, and a bark roof. His family stayed in the wagon they had moved in until the job was finished.
There were many Indians nearby, mostly camped by the streams, and for protection from them and the outlaws, Bacon had a large dog, which also helped to keep away wolves and deer that often ate his hogs and sheep. "The only white faces they saw were there own."8 There were many incidents of danger, with illustrate the lonely and dangerous surroundings.
One day a small camp of Indians came on the farm when Mrs. Bacon was
alone. Six of them came right into the house, demanding whiskey. She said
that she had none. They searched the house and found some. They then
started waving their knives about, threatening her, but finally left. They
were never seen again in the area.
Another day when Mr. Bacon was out, a white man came up to the
house and asked for food, but when noticing that no man was in the
house, he started making "advances" to Mrs. Bacon. The dog she had
kept started growling and barking which bothered the man so much he
left by evening.9
One story about Bacon states that when people were cutting a road from Hudson to Cleveland, they heard him clearing the land for his farm. They searched for the source of the noise, because they did not know of any settlers in the area. As an honor, when they discovered him, they changed the road so that it ran passed his cabin, thus creating a distinct bend in ___________________________________________________________________
6 "Isaac Bacon, the First Northfield Settler" (Northfield Public Library)
7 Marian MacArthur, "Northfield Centennial". The Times; Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957), sec. 2, p1.
8 "Hardship Was A Way of Life for Olde Northfield's First Settlers" The Times; Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957) sec. 3, p.3
9 IBID
Page 6.
the road that became a landmark for travelers.
In 1808 Bacon's small daughter died, but there are no details on where she was buried, or from what she died. This is the first death recorded in the township.
The second settler to come to the area was Jerimiah Cranmer in 1810. He came from Massachusetts. He married Bacon's sister before coming out here, and then settled a half mile away from Bacon's cabin. Jerimiah was the settler who proposed Northfield as the name of the township.
During the War of 1812, both families were going to move to Hudson for more protection when Isacc Bacon was drafted. But he was discharged, so they decided to remain. In November of 1812, Isaac became sick and died. They buried him at Tinkers Creek, and his son, David, took ownership of the farm.
In 1813 Abraham Cranmer, a brother of Jerimiah, bought some land in the area and moved in with his family.
Henry Wood came to Northfield Township in June of 1813. He also served during the War of 1812, but saw no action. "He married Esther Cranmer, the daughter of Abraham Cranmer on September 22, 1813."10 This is the first recorded marriage in Northfield Township.
By the end of 1813, there were four families living in the township and they were all related. They were also all in the Northfield section of the township.
Many of the first settlers in Northfield were also the first inhabitants of Macedonia, Brandywine, and Little York. The first settler in Brandywine was George Wallace. He came to the area in 1814. Henry Wood, who had first settled in Northfield and then moved to explore the woods of Macedonia. He first discovered Indian Creek and gave it its name. Abraham Canner bought 90 acres of land near Indian Creek, and built the first log cabin in Macedonia. The foundations of this are still visible, near Jenkins Road.
___________________________________________________________________
10 IBID sec.3, p.3
Page 7.
The oldest still complete house in Northfield Township is called "Edmar: It is on the corner of Sagamore and Dunham Roads. The land was originally purchased by Turand Kirtland from the Connecticut Land Grant Company in 1803. He never came to the area, and in 1818 sold the land to William Ely (the possible father of Herman Ely, the founder of Elyria). Sometime between then and 1855, when he sold the house to William Nesbitt, the house was built (it is believed to have been built around 1830, but no one is definitely sure). The house was originally a two story structure, but since then has been remodeled in the Western Reserve style, and added to, so that the original structure is now the bedroom wing of a house.
There are only a few of the early settlers and their homes in the area. They are the very first inhabitants of Northfield Township, and thus, the founding fathers of the community.
THE EARLY TOWNS
The areas of settlement in Northfield Township were broken up from the very beginning. There seemed to be four distinct towns forming: Brandywine at the Falls; Northfield, "The Center"; Little York east of the Falls ; and Macedonia, "The Corners". Each one of these towns had its owns development, independent, at the beginning, from each other.
One of the first of these settlements was Brandywine, settled some time between 1810 and 1820. It was named, by the settlers, after a famous battle in the East during the Revolutionary War. Because it offered good transportation and power (from the falls), it threatened to outgrow the new settlement of Cleveland, which started at the same time. The industry centered around the falls, thus the first developments were of saw mills, the first one by George Wallace in 1814, grist mills and distilleries. Because so there was so much whiskey produced at that time, it became known as "Brandywine Currency" and was actually used in place of money. Later, many more industries came,
Page 8
the most important was a wool factory in 1821. The distillery was abandoned around 1830. Disaster struck in the form of a flood in 1843, and swept away the wool factory and grist mill. The saw mill was abandoned in 1851. Between the years 1822 and 1855 the Post Office for Northfield Township was located in its most prosperous town, Brandywine. Even though this area was the most prosperous at that time, there were never more than twelve families there.
Northfield Center was so named because it was the center of Northfield Township. The first building at the Center was a school house, built in 1825. When Hezekiah Palmer built his home in 1832 on a 160 acre farm, he donated a half acre of land, which formed the northwest corner of Northfield Square. In 1833, George Lillie moved into the area and donated a half acre of his lot to form the southwest section. Also at this time, Lucian Bliss bought a lot, and contributed the northeast section by donating a half acre of land. Later in 1833, Colonel Arthur built a combination store and house near the Square, and donated the last half acre, southeast section, to complete the Square.11
In 1834, Orrin Bishop built the Half-Way House on the corner of Lillie's property. This served as an inn for the stage line from Hudson, and also was used as a Town Hall for public meetings. In 1836, Lillie became postmaster for the area. The first floor of the Half-Way House was used as a Post Office in 1855, with meetings and social events on the second floor.
The northeast section of the Center, originally Bliss's land, became the Town Park. A bandstand was erected and the Northfield Cornet Band was formed in 1864. This was latter changed to the Bliss Band, in honor of the donor of the land. This bandstand was later moved to the southwest corner of the Square. The first actual Town Hall was built in 1845 on the southwest section of the Square, and stayed there until 1910, when it was moved to its present site (sic: later replaced by the Shell Gas Station)
On September 25, 1895. The A.B.C. (Akron, Bedford, Cleveland) Interurban Street Cars came into Northfield. They were very popular because of their high speed. There were three cars running at one time. The baggage cars stopped at
___________________________________________________________________
11 "Olde Northfield Center Grew Up Around the Park" The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957), sec. 3, p.3.
Page 9
every farm for shipped goods. There were black funeral cars, green cars for officials and red passenger cars. For twenty-one years, it ran along Olde Eight Road in Northfield. Later it was changed to Route 8 in Macedonia. It lasted until 1932 when financial problems forced it to close.
Little York was located at Brandywine Creek, about half way between Brandywine and Macedonia, and the same distance from Northfield. It was started in 1825 by Henry Post, who built a saw mill there. He was a "squatter" on the land, his only purpose for being there was to get the whitewood, which was much in demand in Cleveland for building boats on Lake Erie and the Ohio Canal. He stayed in the area for six years, when in 1831, the land was purchased by Mr. George Leach. He built an additional mill, for oak, maple, and whitewood, and also send the lumber to Cleveland. Because of the saw mills, other trades moved into Little York, such as a blacksmith, shoemaker, and tannery.
Today there is no town of Little York. There is no reason given for it decline, possibly it was due to the closing of the saw mills, or its destruction by the flood.
The growth of Macedonia was very slow at first. Macedonia was chosen as the name of the circuit riders from Hudson. People first settled there because it was the crossroads of two main streets during that day. By 1840 there was a blacksmith, meat market, general store, and Inn, which was patronized by the passengers of the Pittsburg-Cleveland stage line. Besides this line the Ohio Canal was the only other means of transportation to this area. This was too far from Macedonia to attract any real business until the railroad came. After this, the history of Macedonia is synonymous with that of the Cleveland and Pittsburg branch of the Pennsylvannia Railroad, which came in 1851.
When the railroad came, it greatly aided the economy. Much of the exporting done before this was too costly to have any profit. By 1856, Odel, Price and Company in Macedonia had, with the aid of the railroad, increased the production of dairy farms, so that they were in charge of over "sixty dairy farms which shipped seven thousand pounds of butter and one hundred seventy-five thousand pounds
PAGE 10
of cheese to Cleveland and Cincinnati in only one five month season."12 There were cheese factories located all over Macedonia.
Because of this booming business, Macedonia in 1883 had "two grocery and dry goods stores, two barber shops, two blacksmiths, two meat markets, a hardware store, harness shop, cooper, wagon maker, and cobbler."13 Only in the last twenty years have the large farms in Macedonia broken up.
Each of these little towns were often linked by tragedy. At first, there were no planned safety programs nor protection. The most common hazard was fire, and the first solution to this problem was the "bucket brigade". A line was formed from the well to the house, and water was handed in buckets up the line. This method needed plenty of luck to work, as it called for quick action in rounding up the people. After the railroad came, the engineer used to blow the whistle for an extra long time to signal any danger. Also, the farms each had a dinner bell cast in a different tone, so by ringing the bell, the people could tell which family was in danger and where to run.
"By 1881, Northfield Township had seventy-five people in it."14
CHURCH AND SCHOOL LIFE
"The Church life played a vital part in developing the Western Reserve."15
It provided most of the social and educational life in the community.
The first Church to come into the area was the Methodist-Episcopal Church, organized in Northfield in 1831. The Congregational Presbyterian Church, from Connecticut, and the Associate Presbyterian Church, from Pennsylvania, both came in 1833. They all worshiped in homes or schools, and late acquired land. The Congregational Church broke up, but was later united again. The Associate
____________________________________________________________
12 "Pennsylvania Bought Boom Times To Macedonia 100 Years Ago." The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957) Sec. 2, p.5
13 Ibid
14 Ibid "Olde Northfield's Center Grew Up Around the Park" Sec. 3, p.5
15 "Pioneer Churches were Center of Social Life". The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, (June14, 1957) sec. 2, p.3
PAGE 11
Church became the Northfield United Presbyterian Church. Eventually, through death and decreasing membership, all these churches united to form the Northfield Presbyterian Church. There are nine different denominations in this Church.
Some of these customs practiced in the Methodist Church here were: the Thursday before Services was called "FastDay" and was observed as the Sabbath. Sermons were preached on Friday and Saturday. On Saturday night, the Elders distributed tokens which permitted the holder to sit at the Communion table. The closing sermon was Monday. The families then visited each other, and the Elders often quizzed the children on their Catechism at this time.
The history of the Churches in Macedonia started in 1835. The services were often mixed, principally consisting of Free Will Baptists. In 1869, a small frame house was built. It was first served by circuit riders from the Western Reserve College in Hudson. They considered their job as the "Journey of Paul who went over to Macedonia".16 This is actually how Macedonia got its name. There were internal disputes in 1866 and a group split off and formed the Methodist Episcopal Society, but the Sunday School was still interdenominational. The Methodists finally got their own Church in September of 1891. Disaster struck on March 27, 1910, and fire destroyed the Church and parsonage, but the furnishings were saved. A new structure was built in 1911.
By 1827, there were forty-seven house owners in Northfield Township, and no laws governing schools or school taxes. The schools were widely scattered and known as school districts.
The first school in Northfield Township was built near Isacc Bacon's cabin, in 1815. It was called Rouley House, and the teacher was Mr. King. This was actually a home used as a school. In 1825 there was a log school built at Northfield Square. This was District No. 1. The first actual school was built in Brandywine in 1817. It was a log school, later replaced by a frame building
___________________________________________________________________
16 Ibid
PAGE 12
in 1830. The teacher was Mr. Stiles and he received one dollar per student for a three month term. In 1854 a brick building was used as a school until 1908. These two made up District No. 2.
District No. 3 consisted of two schools, one built in 1826 at the corner of Route 82 and Carter Road, used until 1881. Later a frame school was also built in the area.
Macedonia was District No. 4. In 1833 it was a log building and the first teacher was Esther Cranmer. It was replaced by a frame building in 1854. In 1860 it was sold to the Macedonia Hall Company.
Little York had a frame school from 1854 to 1908, when it was bought by Lee Forbes for two hundred ninety dollars. This was District No. 5.
District No. 6 was an old school at the corner of Olde Eight and Ledge Road. It served from 1857 to 1903, when Ray Osborn bought the building for four hundred dollars.
On Jason Spafford's land at the corner of Ledge and Shepard Roads, a school was used in 1853. Later, it was sold to Frank Wise. This was District No. 7. 17
All schooling was under one code and united together until 1895, when Northfield and Macedonia created separate schooling.
NORTHFIELD-MACEDONIA CEMETERY
The first actual cemetery used by people in Northfield Township was the one at Tinkers Creek, or else they buried their dead on the property or farms they owned. At the beginning, there were separate cemeteries at Brandywine, Little York, and the various Church properties. But because of the swampy land, they were all moved to the Northfield-Macedonia Cemetery. This land was donated by William and June Lemmon on August 23, 1847 and totaled one and a half acres. The original name was Chestnut Hill Cemetery, chosen
___________________________________________________________________
17 Bessie Goosman, "Book Learnin' Was First Concern of Early Settlers Here".
The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section (June 14, 1957), sec. 2, p.4
PAGE 13
because the large Chestnut trees on the property, and the fact that it was high and dry land. The name was changed to its present form in April of 1919. The oldest marker is that of Abraham Cranmer, September 8, 1812, buried on his own property at the time of his death.
Due to lack of care, the cemetery became overgrown, so in 1892 the first sexton was appointed. His name was H.T. Gilbert. He had care of the hearse, harness, vault, and the tolling of the bell, and was paid twenty-five dollars a year. In 1894, the citizens of the area organized to improve and provide funds for the cemetery. The actual association was formed in 1913. In 1897, the job of sexton was split up and Elmer Truby was given the job of tolling the bell, fifty cents each time, and Gilbert was to dig the graves at three dollars each.
Additional land was donated from Andrew Graham, James Lyons, and Martha Graham to make the present total of fourteen and three quarters acres.
Veterans of the Revolutionary War that are buried in the cemetery are: Jeremiah Cranmer; John Giles; Warner Mann; and William Nesbit. Veterans of the War of 1812 are: Colonel Arthur; George Boyd; Plato Brewster; Abraham Cranmer; Stephan Frazee; Johnathan Hesser; Charles Mann; Herman Mann; Milton Mann; George Philo; Henry Philo; Thomas Richey; Homer Vall; and Henry Wood.18
__________________________________________________________________
18 John B. Hudgeon, History of the Northfield-Macedonia Cemetery (Northfield Public Library 1967) p.8
PAGE 14.
As you can see, there were many changes in Northfield Township in one hundred years. The land was developed, regular communities, schools, and Churches were formed, and industries came into the area. I imagine if one looked at the next fifty years, the changes would be just as enormous.
I can honestly say that I learned a lot about the area I've lived in for eleven years, that I never knew. I think that it is good to know some of the history of the area in which you live, and it also makes for an interesting project to work on.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Cherry, P.P. The Western Reserve and Early Ohio, Akron, Ohio, R.L. Fouse
1921, p. 129
2. "Early Fire Departments", Northfield Public Library
3. "Early Homes in the Northfield Area", Northfield Public Library
4. "Early Homes Boasted No Doors or Windows", The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 3, p.5
5. Goosman, Bessie, "Book Learnin' Was the First Concern of Early Settlers
Here", The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957
sec. 2, p.4
6. "Hardship Was a Way of Life for Old Northfield's First Settlers", The Times:
Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, sec. 3, p.3
7. Howe, Henry, Historical Collections of Ohio; volume 2, Cincinnati, Ohio
C.J. Krehbiel Co., 1908.
8. Hudgeon, John B., History of Northfield-Macedonia Cemetery, Northfield
Public Library, 1967.
9. "Isacc Bacon, The First Northfield Settler", Northfield Public Library.
10. Kenfield, Scott Dix, Akron and Summit County, Chicage, S.J. Clarke, 1928.
11. "Northern Ohio Interurban Company Served Community Many Years" The
Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 2
p.6.
12. MacArthur, Marion, "Northfield Centennial", The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 2, p.1.
13. "Northfield Center", Northfield Public Library.
14. "Northfield Presbyterian Church, Brief History of the Church, Northfield
Public Library.
15. "Old Brandywine was a Big as Cleveland", The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957. sec. 3, p.4.
16. Oldcin, Jean, "N.M. Cemetery had its first burial in 1838", The Times:
Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 3, p.4.
17. "Olde Northfield Grew Up Around the Park", The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 3, p.3
18. "Old Sagamore Home Was Built in Early 1800's" The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 3, p.4
19. "Pennsy Bought Boom Times to Macedonia 100 Years Ago", The Times:
Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 2, p..
20. Perrin, History of Summit County, Columbus, Ohio 1881.
21. "Pioneer Churches Were Center of Social Life", The Times: Olde Northfield
Sesquicentennial Section, June 14, 1957, sec. 2, p.3.
22. Richey, C.L., Outline of History of Northfield Township, Northfield Public
Library.
23. "Village is Now a Memory", The Times: Olde Northfield Sesquicentennial
Section, June 24, 1957, sec. 2, 4.